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ANTENOX [Switch to oral] Anticoagulant from Enoxaparin [in treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis] Anth-Gly anthraquinone-glycine [conjugate]. Internationale des Medecins APIP additional personal injury protection APIS Antihypertensive Patch, Italian Study APIVR artificial pacemaker-induced.
DICTIONARY OF MEDICAL ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS - 5th Ed. (2005) FRONT MATTER TITLE PAGE Dictionary of Medical Acronyms & Abbreviations 5th Edition Compiled and edited by Stanley Jablonski COPYRIGHT PAGE ELSEVIER SAUNDERS The Curtis Center 170 S Independence Mall W 300E Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 Dictionary of Medical Acronyms & Abbreviations Copyright © 2005, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (by selecting 'Customer Support' and then 'Obtaining Permissions'.
Library of Congress Control Number: Previous editions copyrighted 2001, 1997, 1992, 1987 by Elsevier. ISBN-13: 978-1-56053-632-1 ISBN-10: 1-56053-632-2 Acquisitions Editor: Linda Belfus Chief Lexicographer: Douglas M. Anderson Publishing Services Manager: Tina Rebane Project Manager: Norman Stellander Designer: Gene Harris Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Acronyms and abbreviations are used extensively in medicine, science and technology for good reason⎯they are more essential in such fields. It would be difficult to imagine how one could write down chemical and mathematical formulas and equations without using abbreviations or symbols.
In medicine, they are used as a convenient shorthand in writing medical records, instructions, and prescriptions, and as space-saving devices in printed literature. It is easier and more economical to write down the acronyms HETE and RAAS than their full names 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, respectively. The main reason for abbreviations is said to be economy. Some actually save space in print, such as acronyms for the names of institutions and organizational units, as well as being convenient to use. Many are used for other reasons, as for instance, when trying to be delicate, we may euphemistically refer to bowel movement as BM, an unprinicipled individual as SOB, and body odor as BO. Also, it is sometimes difficult to fathom the reasoning of bureaucratic acronym makers, who have created some tongue-twisting monstrosities, such as ADCOMSUBORDCOMPHIBSPAC (for Administrative Command, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, Subordinate Command).
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Abbreviations and acronyms used in medicine can be grouped into two broad categories. The first consists of official abbreviations and symbols used in chemistry, mathematics, and other sciences, and those designating weights and measures, whose exact form, capitalization, and punctuation have been determined by official governing bodies. In this category, they mean only one thing (e.g., kg is the symbol for kilogram and Hz for hertz), and their form, capitalization, and punctuation have been established by the International System of Units (Systeme International d'Unites). Abbreviations in the second group, on the other hand, may appear in a variety of forms, the same abbreviation having a different number of letters, sometimes capitalized, at other times not, with or without punctuation. Moreover, they may also have numerous meanings.
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The abbreviation AP may mean alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, action potential, angina pectoris, and many other things. Editors of individual scientific publications make an effort to standardize the form of abbreviations and symbols in their journals and books, but they generally vary from one publication to another. This dictionary lists acronyms and abbreviations occurring with a reasonable frequency in the medical literature that were identified by a systematic scanning of collections of books and periodicals at the National Library of Medicine. Except as they take the form of Greek letters, pure geometric symbols are not included.
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Although we have attempted to be as inclusive as possible, a book such as this one can never be complete, in spite of the most diligent effort, and it is expected that some abbreviations and acronyms may have escaped detection and others may have been introduced since completion of the manuscript. Stanley Jablonski PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION In the four years since the publication of the fourth edition of the Dictionary of Medical Acronyms & Abbreviations, the coining of acronyms has continued at its usual furious pace, and the work of sifting through the enormous volume of candidates for inclusion remains a challenging task. This new fifth edition, although compiled with constant reference to its purpose as a convenient source for the most commonly used acronyms and abbreviations, has nonetheless grown by about 12,000 new entries. Some long-time users of the book may notice that the familiar Hanley & Belfus imprint has been replaced by Elsevier's Saunders imprint. No matter what the imprint, however, the same care as always has been taken in the selection of entries and the verification of their accuracy.
The familiar format of boldface acronyms and abbreviations followed by run-in meanings has been retained, allowing the book to be kept to a convenient size. New terms have been drawn especially from the areas of virology, clinical trials, new technology, and medical informatics. An important enhancement, not visible in this volume but important for the maintenance of the text in the future, is the addition of the contents to the database that houses the well-known Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, so that the same resources that help to make Dorland's the world's leading medical dictionary can be used for the Dictionary of Medical Acronyms & Abbreviations. It is an unfortunate fact that the use of abbreviations, although a helpful time-saver, occasionally leads to ambiguity in interpretation. In some cases, especially in handwritten notes, this ambiguity rises to the level of causing serious concern for patient safety, and for this reason the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has created a list of abbreviations that are considered dangerous and should not be used in a healthcare setting.
The abbreviations included in this edition have been compared with JCAHO's 'Do not use' list, and those that occur on the list are so identified. Even as this fifth edition is being prepared for publication, new acronyms and abbreviations are being added to the already existing body, so that no compilation can ever be complete. I invite you to submit your own suggestions for the next edition; this can be done over the Internet at just click on the link 'Suggest a Word.' Be sure that in doing so you will have performed a great service to the ranks of grateful users (not to mention the grateful author and publisher) of the Dictionary of Medical Acronyms & Abbreviations!
Stanley Jablonski ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Christopher Peterson, MD, PhD, of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for his continuing interest in the book and for supplying several hundred new entries for this edition. The work of Tsung O. Cheng, MD, of Washington, DC, was extremely useful for verifying acronyms for cardiology trials and is gratefully acknowledged: Cheng TO: Acronyms of clinical trials in cardiology⎯1998. American Heart Journal 137:726-765, 1999.